Nature Of Bacteria.

A new class of antibiotics has been discovered 2016. Just by analysing the bacterial warfare taking place up people's noses. As any technician could say how has this been over look, in health nutrition.
Tests reported in the Journal of Nature found the resulting drug, lugdunin', could treat MRSA infection. The researchers, at the University of Tubingen in Germany, say the human body is an untapped source of new drugs. The last new class of the drugs to reach patients was discovered in the 1980s. Nearly all antibiotics were discovered in soil bacteria, but the University of Tubingen research team turned to the battlefield, to put on a microscopic level a struggle. This space for food is taking place between rival species of bacteria. One of the weapons they have long been suspected of using is antibiotics. Among the bugs that like to invade the nose is Staphylococcus aureus, including the dreaded super-bug strain MRSA. It is found in the noses of 30% of people. About 30% of humans carry this Staphylococcus.

The scientists discovered that people with the rival bug Staphylococcus lugdunensis in their nostrils were less likely to have Sinus. The German team used various strains of genetically-modified S. lugdunensis to work out the crucial piece of genetic code that allowed it to win the fight to live. where they eventually pinpointed a single instructions for building a new antibiotic,Tests on mice showed lugdunin could treat superbug infections on the skin including MRSA, as well as Enterococcus. One of the researchers, Dr Bernhard Krismer, said: "Some of the animals were completely clear, no single cell of the. "Others were reduced lugdunensis could reach patients and it may not prove. But new antibiotics are desperately needed as doctors face the growing challenge of infections that resist current drugs and could become untreatable.

'Pressure to eliminate' all the known causes of pathogens Fellow researcher Prof Andreas Peschel said the body could be mined for new antibiotics."Lugdunin may be the first example of such an antibiotic, we have started a screening program," he said and he even believes that people could one day be infected with genetically-modified bacteria to fight their infections. He argued: "By introducing the lugdunin genes into a completely innocuous bacterial species we hope to develop a new preventive concept of antibiotics that can eradicate pathogens." Prof Kim Lewis and Dr Philip Strandwitz, from the antimicrobial discovery centre at Northeastern University in the US, commented "It may seem surprising that a member of the human microbiota - the community of bacteria that inhabits the body - produces an antibiotic.

"However, the microbiota is composed of more than a thousand species, many of which compete for space and nutrients, and the selective pressure to eliminate bacterial neighbours is high." Prof Colin Garner, the head of Antibiotic Research UK, told the BBC: "Altering the balance of bacteria in our bodies through the production of natural antibiotics could eventually be exploited to fight off bacterial infections."It is possible that this report will be the first of many demonstrating that bacteria in our bodies can produce novel antibiotics with new chemical structures. "Alongside a report that men with beards have fewer pathogens including MRSA on their faces than clean-shaven men, it seems the paper identifying lugdunin should be viewed alongside facial hair as a preventer of infection."

Printing Blood Vessels

One step further towards organ regeneration. As a chinese biotechnological company claims to be have created the world’s first 3D blood vessel via a bio-printer.

This could pave the way, in theory, to producing personalised, functional organs picture of a small intestine. One of the major stumbling blocks in tissue engineering is supplying artificial tissue with nutrients and scientists around the world have been working for years on trying to create artificial blood vessels. With two nozzles working alternately, this bio-printer can finish a 10-centimeter blood vessel within two minutes. “The core of the printer is the Bio Brick, in which there are stem cells. Given certain environments and certain conditions, stem cells can, according to our needs, differentiate into the cells we need,” says Revotek chief scientist Kang Yujian.

At the heart of the technology is a stem cell culture system that consists of seed cells and bio-inks filled with growth factors and nutrients.
When combined with other materials, the 3D bioprinter creates layered cell structures that can be cultivated to form tissues with physiological functions. “The achievement here in producing a 3D blood vessel bio-printer is not just that we can print a blood vessel, but we have found a way of keeping vascular cells and other substances active. The method can be used to print blood vessels, but also livers, kidneys and other organs,” says Dai Kerong of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. While the prospect of a 3D-printed kidney, liver or heart remains years off, as creating entire organs involves work that is impossible today, the good news is that 3D printing does have the potential to help patients today in many other ways this may be good news for dentists 

Human head transplant.

A Chinese surgeon has joined forces with an Italian doctor to prepare for what would be the world's first human head transplant.

A Russian man who suffers from a serious medical condition is set to become the first person to undergo the controversial procedure, devised by Sergio Canavero and Ren Xiaoping. Dr Canavero said that the operation will change the course of history and could lead to cures for previously incurable conditions, such as Valery Spiridonov's muscular atrophy. Human head transplant edges closer to reality: Chinese surgeon teams up with Italian doctor to perform controversial procedure in 2017. Sergio Canavero from Italy will partner with Chinese surgeon Ren Xiaoping. Dr Xiaoping has performed some 1,000 head transplants on mice so far. Duo will plan the head transplant procedure intended for Valery Spiridonov, a 30-year-old computer scientist who has muscular atrophy. Spiridonov has previously told health and nutrition he is ready to put his trust in the experts who claim they can cut off his head and attach it to a healthy body. Controversial specialist Sergio Canavero from Italy will partner with Chinese surgeon Ren Xiaoping to carry out the operation on Valery Spiridonov (pictured), a 30-year-old computer scientist who has muscular atrophy. Dr Canavero announced at a science conference in north-east China that he and his new partner plan to establish a dedicated medical team to give Spiridonov a new body. The operation is set to take place at a hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University in Heilongjiang, China.

Addressing the 'Frontier Science' conference audience, he said 'Dr Ren is the only person in the world able to lead this project.' 'With its outstanding organisational ability and group operational ability, China might be the best choice to carry out head transplants,' he added, according to the Science and Technology Daily newspaper via The Times
The scientist, who has reportedly received more than $2 million in academic and government funding, according to the paper, said the team won't give up just because their research is controversial. A lifelong sufferer of the rare genetic Werdnig-Hoffman muscle wasting disease, Spiridonov (pictured) said he wants the chance of a new body before he dies. Spiridonov, a 30-year-old computer scientist, has previously told Health nutrition he is ready to put his trust in the experts who claim they can cut off his head and attach it to a healthy body. saying ‘ his decision is final and I do not plan to change my mind.
'A lifelong sufferer of the rare genetic Werdnig-Hoffman muscle wasting disease, he said he wants the chance of a new body before he dies. Dr Canavero said a successful head transplant would ‘change the course of human history by curing incurable medical conditions,’ China.org reported. Dr Canavero said a successful head transplant would ‘change the course of human history by curing incurable medical conditions’ As reported, but experts have branded him 'nuts' and linked him to Dr Frankenstein.'With the human operation, the new body would come from a transplant donor who is brain dead but otherwise healthy. Both donor and patient would have their head severed from their spinal cord at the same time, using an ultra-sharp blade to give a clean cut. The patient's head would then be placed onto the donor's body and attached using what Dr Canavero calls his 'magic ingredient' - a glue-like substance called polyethylene glycol - to fuse the two ends of the spinal cord together. The muscles and blood supply would be stitched up, before the patient is put into a coma for four weeks to stop them from moving while the head and body heal together. When they wake the patient should be able to move, feel their face and even speak with the same voice when head glued back on ?

 It is already 40 years since the first monkey head transplant and since then an operation on a mouse has been carried out in China. But Dr Canavero claims all the necessary techniques already exist to carry out a full human head transplant.
He believes he just needs to put the relevant techniques together to carry out the first successful operation. The new body would come from a normal transplant donor, who is declared brain dead. Both the donor and the patient would have their head severed from their spinal cord at the same time, using an ultra-sharp blade to give a clean cut. The patient's head would then be moved on to the donor's body and attached using a 'glue' called polyethylene glycol to fuse the two ends of the spinal cord together. The muscles and blood supply would be stitched up, before the patient is put into a coma for four weeks to stop them moving while the head and body heal together. During that time the patient would be given small electric shocks to stimulate their spinal cord and strengthen the connections between their head and new body.As the patient is brought out of their medically-induced coma, it is hoped they would be able to move, feel their face, and even speak with the same voice.Powerful immuno suppressant drugs would be prescribed to stop the new body from being rejected. In addition, the patient would require intensive psychological support. Dr Ren, 53, of Harbin Medical University, has since 2013 conducted 1,000 head transplants on mice and plans to perform the operation on primates this year. Testing various methods to stop the mice rejecting their new bodies, or heads, he has managed to reach a survival rate of one day – but there is clearly much work to be done to give a human any chance of survival.

On gender Reassignments.

For a female to transgender is more complex than previously thought. As the hormone imbalance is more complex than originally suggests, these new findings were presented at the annual meeting of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Commenting on behalf of the ECNP communications committee, Dr Kamilla Miskowiak, from Copenhagen University Hospital, said: 'It is well known that language development differs between girls and boys and that this is related to gender-related differences in brain maturation. 'However, this intriguing neuroimaging study of transsexuals before and after their female-to-male gender reassignment suggests that even adult men and women differ in brain structure within regions involved in language and speech. 'In particular, female-to-male gender reassignment resulted in local brain matter decrease within language processing regions, which may explain why verbal abilities are often stronger in women.

It is a commonly-held belief that women are better at multitasking than men. And now a new study has revealed that the ability to do more than one task at once is linked to gender (file image posed by model)

As  now scientists have discovered that so closely linked is the ability to take on more than one task at a time, with gender, that women undergoing a sex change start to lose the skill. Researchers found women start to think more like men after being given testosterone treatment.Their brains undergo structural changes and shrink in areas that play a key role in language. The scientists, from the University of Vienna, examined 18 female-to-male transsexuals, performing MRI scans before and after four weeks of testosterone treatment.  They found exposure to the male hormone reduced the volume of grey matter - nerve cells - in two key regions of the brain linked to language processing, the Broca's and Wenicke's areas. Yet, at the same time, researchers noted the connections between these two regions became stronger.

Professor Rupert Lanzenberger, said: 'What we see is a real quantitative difference in brain structure after prolonged exposure to testosterone. 'This would have been impossible to understand without looking at a transsexual population. 'In more general terms, these findings may suggest that the genuine difference between the brains of women and men is substantially attributable to the effects of circulating sex hormones. 'Moreover, the hormonal influence on human brain structure goes beyond early developmental phases and is still present in adulthood. 'Scientists examined 18 female-to-male transsexuals, performing MRI scans before and after four weeks of testosterone treatment. They found exposure to the male hormone reduced the volume of grey matter - nerve cells - in two key regions of the brain linked to language processing.

Cosmetic tourism.

Broken cosmetic tourism offered by Korean cosmetic consultants. In a country where one cannot avoid cosmetic surgery adverts these are everywhere in Seoul. As urged to change your shape your whole self through plastic surgery. Presented like a new car, on offer from being a virgin to an in affluent looking girl of Gangnam. Every wall seems to have a sign pointing to a surgery.Victims of this craze for cosmetic surgery.
As interviewed a woman recovering from broken plastic surgery, from the series Beauty Recovery Room its like the unlikely love affair between two countries and cowboy builders mixed in with a replacement surgeon. The tourist town with a few surprises. So on the train and in the street, you're told you can "bring your "face from life to a more broken birth". "Facial contouring" is on offer - "breast surgery", "anti-ageing", "eyeplasty", "body contouring". There is "square jaw reduction" (mainly, the adverts imply, for men). Or transforming your face "from saggy and loose to elastic and dimensional", targeted mostly at women. One acquaintance of mine complains that her chin becomes so painful when it rains and then it emerges that she went into the surgery for a nose job but got persuaded - or persuaded herself. That it was her chin that really needed its contours changing. The result: a more shapely chin chiseled that is also a more painful chin afterwards. Despite that, she is now intent on big breast enlargement.

As in a quote this is not a human face - it is more revolting than monsters or aliens " In this country, parents tell me that they give their teenage daughters a present of what's called "double eyelid surgery" which makes eyes more pronounced - "less Asian" is the truth of it. Why, I wonder, when Korean eyes seem so beautiful the way they are? The retort that blares from the adverts on the train is that "confidence in appearance brings positive energy which can be the foundation of happiness".
Happiness - so easily found at the cut of a knife. Except that, of course, it's not. There is now a backlash, a slew of court cases where patients - or victims as they might be known - are suing doctors who re-arranged their faces, but not in a good way. One victim said when the bandages came off: "This is not a human face. It is more revolting than monsters or aliens." Kim Bok-soon spent 30 million won (£ 17,320) for 15 surgeries on her face over the course of a day and only afterwards found out her doctor was not a plastic surgery specialist Kim Bok-Soon was persuaded to spend 30m Won (£ 17,320) for 15 surgeries on her face. As part of the problem is that plastic surgery is so lucrative that unqualified doctors have been drawn in - or rather doctors qualified in other areas of quite different medicine. It's alleged that procedures have been done by what are called "ghost doctors". In one court case, it's claimed that the advertised doctor slipped out of the operating room once the patient was under the anesthetic and the job was then botched by a replacement surgeon. A Picture kim-bok-soon

On top of that, it's emerged that some before-and-after photos have had a bit of surgery themselves - surgery of the Photoshop variety.The upshot is that the Korean Association of Plastic Surgeons has called for tighter rules for doctors and for advertisers. They fear that the bad publicity is damaging the reputation of an industry which is largely well-run. But they're fighting against the tide.
Plastic surgery is very profitable, even with prices that undercut the US and Europe. One of the big businesses in Gangnam, here in Seoul, prices "eye-shape correction" at 1.7m Korean Won. That's about £ 1,000 ($ 1,500) for a 30-minute, simple procedure. It rises to 12m Won for a "full-incision face lift" - that's about £ 7,000 ($ 11,000). 464 gray line. South Korea plastic surgery. Picture of woman's back As a response to a survey of 1,000 patients, run by the Korea Consumer Agency (KCA): 70% of those questioned said they had a surgical procedure to improve their looks, and 14.5% said they believed it boosted their prospects for employment or promotion. The most popular procedure was the "double-eyelid surgery" - 67.8% of respondents said they undergone the procedure 32.3% of those asked responded that the results of their procedures were "unsatisfactory" as a professional from the Wall street journal and the Korean times

Plastic surgery is like an addiction a complex hair style- if you do the eyes, you want the nose " As Translation is increasingly needed. But there's a big market with a similar sense of vanity right on Korea's doorstep: China. According to the reputable Joongang Daily here, two-thirds of the foreigners who came for plastic surgery to South Korea last year were from China, more than 16,000 customers.

The press here says that some of the procedures have been so radical - so successful - that passport officials have not believed it's the same person holding the passport. But maybe Chinese people who aspire to film-star beauty or, for that matter. In South Korean parents who think they can improve their daughters through the surgeon's knife should reflect on one horror story that's going through the courts. A former beauty queen here had breast enhancement which went horribly wrong. After a series of infections, she ended up with one breast much bigger than the other. She blames doctors for the medical failure but also for never saying to her: "Look, you do not need this." "Plastic surgery is like an addiction," she said. "If you do the eyes, you want the nose and doctors do not say, 'You're beautiful enough as you are.'" Ji Yeo's photographs were first published as part of a series called Beauty Recovery Room. As a Surgeon holding breast implant. In 1962, Timmie Jean Lindsey became the first woman to receive silicone breast implants in a groundbreaking operation in Houston, Texas. Today, breast augmentation is one of the most popular procedures worldwide,

November Vaccine.

A Vaccine For Ebola as this contagion wind swept disease has proven fatal, as a experimental vaccine is currently being developed. It shows researchers they found the vaccine that elicited an immune response with a 100 percent beneficence.
In a study test of volunteers and did not feel any serious adverse side effects. The current Ebola outbreak in West Africa shows little sign of slowing down, which is why scientists worldwide are racing to develop a vaccine to end the growing public health crisis. In 2014, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a division of the National Institutes of Health, released promising preliminary data on a small study that examines the safety and efficiency of one vaccine "Based on these positive results from the first human trial of this candidate vaccine, they are continuing our accelerated plan for larger trials to determine if the vaccine is efficacious in preventing Ebola infection," Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of NIAID, said in a press statement. As work to begin testing experimental Ebola vaccine. The findings of the VRC 207 Phase 1 clinical trial were published 27 November in the New England Journal of Medicine. The study began Sept. 2 and was conducted at the University of Maryland at Baltimore's Center for Vaccine Development, involved 20 healthy adults, between the aged of 18 to 50.

Through blood analysis, the researchers observed the presence of anti-Ebola antibodies four weeks after administering the vaccine. They also detected an increased production in a certain type of T-cells, known as CD8T, which are necessary for the body's ability to maintain an immune response.
Study volunteers did not report any serious side effects after receiving the vaccine. However, two people who received a higher dose of the vaccine developed fever within 24 hours, which was resolved with over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications.The researchers say they will complete this trial by the end of December, in order to expedite the approval process with the US Food and Drug Administration. Typically, it takes the FDA close to 15 years to green light any vaccine or drugs for widespread commercial use.The vaccine was developed by Nancy J. Sullivan, Ph.D., chief of the Biodefense Research Section in NIAID's Vaccine Research Center, scientists at the Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases and Okairos, a Swiss-Italian biotechnology company that's currently owned by the pharmaceutical giant, GlaxoSmithKline. The NIAID is communicating with health officials in Liberia to set up Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials on the vaccine in 2015.

These studies would involve a larger number of people to test the safety and efficacy of this particular vaccine compared with other vaccines currently in development .
The vaccine is composed of a type of chimpanzee cold virus called chimp adeno-virus type 3 (ChAd3), which is used as a carrier that delivers small doses of genetic material derived from Ebola. The virus does not replicate once it enters human cells, but it does trigger an immune response.The NIAID is testing two versions of the vaccine. The findings of this study are based on the bivalent vaccine, which is composed of genetic material from both Ebola Zaire and Sudan Ebola. The monovalent version of the vaccine contains genetic material only from Ebola Zaire, the most deadly form of the virus which is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa that's infected more than 15,000 people and killed nearly 5,500. The monovalent trial is currently underway, and the vaccine is being tested on 60 healthy volunteers at the University of Oxford in England and 40 healthy volunteers in Mali in Africa. The researchers expect to release preliminary data from these trials, to be concluded by the end of the year, which will allow a teamed manufactured response, there from.

Holographic Simulator.

Holographic simulated displays that could show mothers their child before it is born, and let surgeons manipulate a holographic display of a patients internal organs are being developed. So as humanity forgets the scan as this new groundbreaking new systems will allow mothers to see and feel their live newborn.

Holograms can include touch and smell, as mother can see their baby in the womb and let surgeons manipulate virtual organs as they operate. Philips is working with an Israeli firm real view to develop this new technology as it has its been used in trial simulations during heart surgery to allow surgeons to see organs in real time. Its also expects to be used to show mothers their unborn child in three dimensions. This system does not require glasses to see the holograms. Health Nutrition-wise announces that "technology giant Philips is developing the system with Israeli firm real-view". They recently conducted the first trial of the system, with heart surgery. The holographic display system developed by Real View could be used to show mothers their child using live data from scans. The pilot study involved eight patients and was conducted in collaboration with the Schneider Children's Medical Center in Petach Tikva, Israel. Real View's system was used to display interactive, real-time 3D holographic images acquired by Philips' intervention X-ray and cardiac ultrasound systems. In addition to viewing the patients heart on a 2D screen, doctors in the intervention team were able to view detailed dynamic 3D holographic images of the heart 'floating in free space' during a minimally-invasive structural heart disease procedure, without using special eye-wear. The holograms allow doctors to examine babies in the womb.

As doctors were also able to manipulate the projected 3D heart structures by literally touching the holographic volumes in front of them. The study demonstrated the potential of the technology to enhance the context and guidance of structural heart repairs. The firm behind the display system said it hoped it would become commonplace.I see clear indications that 3D medical holography will play an important role in medical imaging in the near future,' said Aviad Kaufman, CEO of Real View Imaging Ltd. Said 'Doctors are able to manipulate the images simply by 'touching' them as they appear in mid-air.' With the advancement of live 3D imaging and increasing clinical evidence of its value for a variety of procedures, we are convinced that our holographic technology will further enhance 3D imaging and, most importantly, improve patient care.''The holographic projections enabled me to intuitively understand and interrogate the 3D spatial anatomy of the patients heart, as well as to navigate and appreciate the device-tissue interaction during the procedure,' said Dr. Einat Birk, pediatric cardiologist and Director of the Institute of Pediatric Cardiology at Schneider Children's Medical Center. Researchers testing an early prototype of the system. Dr. Elchanan Bruckheimer, pediatric cardiologist and Director of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories at Schneider Children's Medical Center, added: 'The ability to reach into the image and apply markings on the soft tissue anatomy in the X-ray and 3D ultrasound images would be extremely useful for guidance of these complex procedures. 'Our ultimate goal is to create the future of health care by delivering innovative solutions that enhance clinical capabilities and improve patient outcomes,' said Bert van Meurs, General Manager of Integrated Clinical Solutions and Marketing for Imaging Systems at Philips Health care.'By teaming up with partners that share our passion for innovation, we have been able to demonstrate the feasibility and potential value of the world's first holographic visualization technology targeted at guiding minimally invasive cardiac procedures.

' 3D hologram of renal arteries Real View Imaging has managed to invent and develop a system that can receive volumetric stream such as 3D Ultrasound or any other static or stream of volume / s, convert it in real-time to interference patterns and project true holograms using these interference patterns.
The holograms that are projected are with high resolution and quality, they are with full color and can be viewed from a very wide angle.Moreover, the reconstructed holograms are within the user's touching reach and remain in the same coordinates, independent of the viewer's location.Real view says there are four main uses for its technology in the operating theatre. This proprietary capability enables precise and direct interaction with and within the images by literally touching the holograms and manipulating them in real-time.As these are true holograms there is a very high level of realism thus the viewer can intuitively comprehend even unique and complex 3D structures / pathologies and additionally the interaction with the images is as intuitive as grabbing an apple or painting a statue as the image is optically real and within touching reach. Real View's unique IP combines advanced CGH algorithms combined with a sophisticated system level approach and cost-effective computation hardware solution enabling the calculation and then generation of real-time high quality dynamic images at a smooth continuous fashion at similar rates to conventional video projection.